Fig. 3: Gene flow and fluctuations in the effective population size.

a Gene flow detected between species inhabiting the South Atlantic Ocean. Gene flow is shown nearby the white lines as migration rate deduced by G-PhoCS. Thickness and direction of the arrows correspond to rates and direction of gene flow, respectively. Maps modified from Ron Blakey © 2016 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc (License # 60519). Source Data are provided in Supplementary Table 10. b Fluctuations in effective population size by PSMC. The x axis represents time in years before present while the y axis represents the effective population size. The charts are organized mainly according to the geographic distribution for each of the species with different distribution areas. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. c Sea level change during the past 1 million years in meters³³. The yellow line indicates the last global interglacial peak while the cyan shade indicates the last glacial maximum period.