Fig. 1: Immune activation after OX40 administration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Patients with HNSCC cancer were given three doses of neoadjuvant anti-OX40 (MEDI6469) at 0.4 mg/kg, followed by resection at days 8, 12, or 19. a Trial schema of administration of anti-OX40 in the neoadjuvant setting in patients with HNSCC. b Blood lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were assessed at baseline, day of surgery (D8, D12, or D19), D34, and D55. The mean + SEM of the absolute cell counts per liter are shown for each subset. c–e Change in percentages of viable, CD3+ T cells. The gating strategy is outlined in Supplementary Fig. 2a, b. c Average percentages of CD4+ Tconv, CD8+, and CD4+ Treg cells during and after anti-OX40 administration measured by flow cytometry. d Summary of the average percentage of Ki-67 expression during OX40 treatment in CD4+ Tconv memory cells, CD4+ Treg cells, CD8+ T_{EM RA−}, and T_{EM RA+} cells. e Average percentages of CD8+ T_EMRA− and CD8+ T_EMRA+ cells during and after anti-OX40 administration. f Summary of the percentages of total CD19+ cells, Ki-67+ CD19+ cells and plasmablasts, identified by the absence of IgD and expression of CD38. g Expression of ICOS on CD4+ Tconv and Treg cells during and after OX40 treatment. All cells were gated excluding doublets and dead cells. Error bars indicate mean + SEM (c–g); *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; ns not significant. P values were determined by paired two-tailed Student’s t test between D1 and D12 or D19. N = 3 patients in the D8 cohort, N = 9 patients in the D12 cohort, and N = 4 patients in the D19 cohort (b–g). Black triangles represent the D8, orange circles the D12, and blue squares the D19 cohort. The same color code is applied to the values denoting significance. Source data are provided as Source Data file.