Fig. 5: WD_McB feeding resets the hepatic lipidome and decreases hepatic immune infiltration alleviating NAFLD.

A Principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) of hepatic lipid species identified in negative ionization mode. B As in A but depicted in a volcano plot with significantly regulated lipid species (FDR < 0.05, adjusted for multiple comparisons by Benjamin–Hochberg) presented on a log2 scale in either green (WD_McB > WD_REF) or blue (WD_McB < WD_REF). C, D Identified lipid species differentially expressed (FDR < 0.01) between WD_McB and WD_REF as indicated. Adjusted p values of individual lipid species are indicated in Supplementary Table 4. n = 10 (LFD and WD_McB) or 9 (WD_REF). E Lipid pathways identified by fold-change analysis (FDR < 0.05, adjusted for multiple comparisons by Benjamin–Hochberg) seperating LFD (gray) and WD_McB (green) groups from WD_REF in negative ionization mode. F Hepatic cytokine levels of TNF-α and IL-6 as indicated. n = 9 (LFD and WD_McB) and 8 (WD_REF). G Ly6G⁺ and CD3⁺ immune cells revealed by immunohistochemistry^. n = 3 per group (randomly selected samples). H Cytokine levels in plasma of IL-22, IL-18, and IL-17. n = 10 (LFD and WD_REF) or 8 (WD_McB). I Amount of Tim4⁺ Kupffer cells. n = 8 (LFD), 9 (WD_REF), and 11 (WD_McB)^. J Mean Fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Ly6C⁺ liver monocytes. n = 8 (LFD), 9 (WD_REF), and 11 (WD_McB⁾. K Amount of hepatic IL-17⁺ γδ T cells. n = 8 (LFD), 9 (WD_REF), and 11 (WD_McB). C, D, F–K Bars represent group mean ± SEM and dots indicate individual data points. F, H Statistical significance compared to WD_REF group by Kruskal–Wallis test, adjusted for multiple comparisons by Dunn’s post-hoc. G, I–K Statistical significance compared to WD_REF by one-way ANOVA, adjusted for multiple comparisons by Dunnett post-hoc. All p-values < 1 × 10⁻¹ between WD_REF and indicated group are depicted.