Fig. 2: Al2O3 passivation effect investigation.

XPS spectra of pristine MAPbBr3 SCTF and MAPbBr3 SCTF/Al2O3: Al 2p and Br 3d (a), N 1s (b), and Pb 4f (c). d Proposed passivation mechanism of Al2O3 on the MAPbBr3 SCTF surface. e PEC behavior of MAPbBr3 SCTF/Al2O3-based photoelectrodes as a function of Al2O3 deposition thickness. Al2O3-thickness-dependent steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra (f) and time-resolved PL decay curves (g).