Table 1 Study sites differ geographically, climatologically, and socioeconomically.
Huaquillas, Ecuador | Machala, Ecuador | Portovelo, Ecuador | Zaruma, Ecuador | Chulaimbo, Kenya | Kisumu, Kenya | Msambweni, Kenya | Ukunda, Kenya | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site characteristics | ||||||||
Elevation (m) | 15 | 6 | 645 | 1155 | 1328 | 1100 | 4 | 8 |
Location | Coastal | Coastal | Inland | Inland | Inland | Inland | Coastal | Coastal |
Mean annual NDVIa | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.52 |
Dominant land cover typeb | 13 | 13 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 10 |
Climate | ||||||||
Mean temperature (°C) | 26 | 26 | 25 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 28 |
Mean relative humidity (%) | 81 | 84 | 81 | 86 | 69 | 50 | 76 | 78 |
Mean annual rainfall (mm) | 317 | 669 | 500 | 1115 | 1125 | 810 | 1048 | 922 |
Demographics | ||||||||
Human population size | 57,366 | 279,887 | 13,673 | 25,615 | 7304 | 491,893 | 15,371 | 80,193 |
Population <5 years (%) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
Population of African ancestry (%) | 5.1 | 6.0 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Housing quality (% houses) | ||||||||
Piped water inside home | 90 | 91 | 100 | 96 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 11 |
No screens on windows | 7 | 60 | 91 | 99 | 74 | 78 | 43 | 21 |
House materials (cement/mud/wood) | 87/5/0 | 87/8/5 | 95/0/5 | 93/1/1 | 29/70/0 | 77/17/0 | 38/62/0 | 51/47/0 |
Exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity | ||||||||
Arboviruses present | dengue, chikungunya, Zika | >200 documented including dengue, chikungunya, Yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, O’nyong-nyong | ||||||
Insecticide use (% houses) | 19 | 28 | 46 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 55 |
Bednet use (% houses) | 77 | 55 | 15 | 21 | 93 | 92 | 0 | 96 |
Other vector control strategies used | Ultra-low volume fumigation with malathion (organophosphate) and community mobilization to eliminate larval habitats | Mosquito coils | ||||||
Annual gross domestic product by country (2018) | $177 billion USD | $85.98 billion USD | ||||||
