Fig. 4: The electromechanical properties of textured 0.19PIN–0.445PSN–0.365PT ceramics. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: The electromechanical properties of textured 0.19PIN–0.445PSN–0.365PT ceramics.

From: Textured ferroelectric ceramics with high electromechanical coupling factors over a broad temperature range

Fig. 4

a The k33 and d33 values for nontextured (R-0BT), 3 vol.% BT-textured (T-3BT), 5 vol.% BT-textured (T-5BT), and 7 vol.% BT-textured (T-7BT) 0.19PIN–0.445PSN–0.365PT ceramics, compared with commercially available “soft” PZT ceramic, which has the similar Curie temperature (PZT51, Yu Hai Electronic Ceramics Co., Ltd., China). Five samples for each component are used for the characterization of d33 and k33. The error bars present the standard deviation of the corresponding data. b Impedance/phase spectra for the longitudinal mode of a T-3BT 33-bar. The inset shows the picture of T-3BT 33-bars (4 × 1 × 1 mm3). c The electric-field-induced strains for R-0BT, T-3BT, T-5BT, and T-7BT ceramics. d A comparison of the electric-field-induced strains between the T-3BT ceramic and <001>-poled PMN–28PT single crystal. e The polarization-electric field (PE) loops of R-0BT, T-3BT, T-5BT, and T-7BT ceramics. The strain hysteresis (Hs) is defined as \({\Delta} S_{E_{{\mathrm{max}}}/2}/S_{{\mathrm{max}}} \times 100\%\), where \({\Delta} S_{E_{{\mathrm{max}}}/2}\) and \(S_{{\mathrm{max}}}\) are the strain difference with rising and falling fields at half maximum electric field \((E_{{\mathrm{max}}}/2)\) and the strain at maximum electric field \(\left( {E_{{\mathrm{max}}}} \right)\), respectively.

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