Fig. 3: Aldehyde DNA damage is present in esophageal adenocarcinoma, which can be reduced in vitro by metformin. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Aldehyde DNA damage is present in esophageal adenocarcinoma, which can be reduced in vitro by metformin.

From: Endogenous aldehyde accumulation generates genotoxicity and exhaled biomarkers in esophageal adenocarcinoma

Fig. 3

a Schematic of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine adduction by acetaldehyde (C2:0) and epoxy-hydroxynonanal (EHN), respectively, to form CrodG and 1N6-εdA. b CrodG and 1N6-εdA concentrations in DNA extracts from peripheral leukocytes (n = 9), squamous tissue from healthy patients SqN (n = 5), esophageal adenocarcinoma-adjacent squamous tissue (SqT, n = 20), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC, n = 19). c, d Western blot analysis of the indicated cell lines pre-treated with metformin (MET) and exposed to 150 μM formaldehyde or 500 μM acetaldehyde for 5 h. e Schematic of the ATM and ATR-mediated DNA damage repair f Western blot analysis for DNA damage repair protein phosphorylation in the indicated cell lines pre-treated with metformin and exposed to 500 μM acetaldehyde for 5 h. Mean ± SEM provided for analytical triplicates of biological duplicates or triplicates, two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test or ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. All blots are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.

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