Fig. 1: Study design and metabolic profiling in serum samples from mild and severe COVID-19 patients. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Study design and metabolic profiling in serum samples from mild and severe COVID-19 patients.

From: Integrated cytokine and metabolite analysis reveals immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 patients with therapeutic implications

Fig. 1

a Overview of cohort (including 21 mild patients, 23 severe COVID-19 patients, and 17 healthy controls) and the study design. b t-SNE plot distributed healthy controls (n = 17), mild patients (n = 14), and severe patients (n = 23) according to serum metabolites detected from targeted and untargeted metabolomics. c, d Volcano plots comparing serum metabolites of mild (c) or severe (d) patients with healthy controls. Significantly altered metabolites are highlighted in red (increased) and blue (decreased). The top 5 metabolites that significantly increased or decreased are marked with text. Two-sided Mann-Whitney U test followed by Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) multiple comparison test with FDR < 0.05 and fold change >1.25 or <0.8. e KEGG metabolic pathways enriched by significantly changed serum metabolites in mild (c) and severe (d) patients. One-sided Fisher’s exact test followed by BH multiple comparison test with FDR < 0.1. f Schematic depicting the key disturbed metabolic pathways in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gray nodes represent metabolites that were not tested. Metabolite alterations are represented by color intensity, and borders are color-coded by statistical significance.

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