Fig. 3: Longitudinal trajectories and metabolite–cytokine correlation in mild COVID-19 patients. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Longitudinal trajectories and metabolite–cytokine correlation in mild COVID-19 patients.

From: Integrated cytokine and metabolite analysis reveals immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 patients with therapeutic implications

Fig. 3

a Longitudinal trajectory clustering of significantly changed serum metabolites, cytokines in follow-up patients (n = 7) with mild COVID-19. Metabolite and cytokine abundance in healthy controls were used as base line. Black lines represent the average trajectory for each cluster. b Heatmap comparison of cytokines at distinct time-points in follow-up patients (n = 7). Color intensity represents the Log2 fold change of mean cytokine abundance in each interval relative to healthy controls. c Pathway enrichment analysis of metabolites in each cluster. One-sided Fisher’s exact test followed by Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) multiple comparison test with FDR < 0.1. d Relative abundance trajectories of metabolites in follow-up patients (n = 7). Blue solid lines pass through the mean of each measurement at the specific time interval, and dotted lines represent the mean of measurements in healthy controls (n = 17). Generalized additive model (GAM) regression lines are represented by the black solid lines, with 95% confidence intervals for the regression line donated by gray filled areas. P value was assessed by one-way ANOVA. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. with individual data points shown. e Chord diagrams of significant associations between metabolites and core CRS-related cytokines in cluster 1 (left), cluster 2 (middle), and clusters 3 and 4 (right), respectively. Two-sided t test followed by BH multiple comparison test.

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