Fig. 1: Development of replication-restricted reporter (R3) ∆PB1 influenza A virus.

a Design of engineered PB1 segment encoding fluorescence reporter tdKatushka2. b, c Rescue of parental wild-type molecular clone (b) and R3∆PB1 (c) viruses using reverse genetics of eight plasmid system with HA and NA segments of virus of interest and internal gene segments of A/WSN/1933. PB1 segment of A/WSN/1933 is used to rescue molecularly cloned parental viruses, while engineered PB1 segment is used for R3∆PB1 influenza viruses. R3∆PB1 influenza viruses require cells expressing PB1 in trans for rescue and propagation. Rp, tdKatushka2 reporter gene-encoded segment. d Negative stain electron microscopy of parental molecular clone (left) and R3∆PB1 (right) of A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1) virus. Electron microscopic experiment was performed once and representative image of each virus is shown.