Fig. 4: Change of tree percentage and moisture pumping over Northern China (NC) from the early Holocene (EH) to mid-Holocene (MH).
a Evolutions of tree percentage in proxy records14 (black) and TraCE21 simulation (blue) over the period of EH to MH. Coldest temperature in the winter season (SATmin) in each grid box within the NC region is also shown as thin red dashed lines, with the temperature threshold (−17 °C) for broadleaf trees and grass in the model as the thick red-dash line. b Vertical profiles of the moisture pumping by root for trees (cadetblue), grasses (brown), and the sum (black) in EH (9.5 ka, solid) and MH (6.5 ka, dash). Changes of c tree percentage and d soil moisture from EH to MH in an off-line land-vegetation-coupled model that forced by TraCE21 atmospheric variables in different combinations: full forcing (Full, black), rainfall and temperature forcing (Rain + SAT, cadetblue), rainfall only (Rain, blue), temperature only (SAT, red), and winter temperature only (SAT winter, brown).
