Fig. 1: Catalytic performance of the commercial GaN for the hydrogenation of CO2 at different temperatures.

a The CO2 conversion, the selectivity of different products and the space-time yield of DME (STYDME). b Detailed CO-free distribution of hydrocarbons (HCs) and oxygenates. Reaction conditions: P = 2.0 MPa, H2/CO2 = 3, gas hourly space velocity = 3000 mL g−1 h−1, and time on stream = 40 h. The error bar representing the relative deviation is within 5%.