Fig. 2: Nitrogen application rates and yield gap closure levels before large-scale land acquisition (LSLA).

a Shows average synthetic nitrogen application per harvested hectare in each deal (kg N per ha). An application smaller than 30 kg ha⁻¹ is considered low-input agriculture; between 30 and 100 kg ha⁻¹ medium-input agriculture; and greater than 100 kg ha⁻¹ fairly high-input agriculture. b Agricultural productivity levels measured in terms of yield-gap fraction of major crops before LSLAs. Yield-gap fractions lower than 0.3 show land deals involving lands with high agricultural productivity. Data source: Mueller et al.³⁵.