Fig. 6: Metaproteome data supported polyphenol degradation by Kosakonia, Holophaga, and Sporomusales UBA7701.

Line graphs in a–c indicate average % normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) with shaded areas denoting the 95% confidence intervals for CT (purple, n = 3 individual biological replicates) and unamended (green, n = 3 individual biological replicates) soil microcosms, with individual data points plotted. Dotted vertical lines are shown to mark day 7 across plots, demarcating phase 1 and 2 from phase 3. Phenolic compounds in orange are detected in metabolomics, with arrow color corresponding to MAGs expressing detected enzymes. Dotted arrows represent metagenome-encoded enzymes. a CT-depolymerization may be mediated by peroxidase activity from AA2 and indirect activity from AA6 expression from Kosakonia, b C₁₅ biodegradation may be performed by the coordinated activity of three enzymes (CHI, FCR, PHY), these gene sets are expressed both by Holophaga and Sporomusales UBA7701 MAGs, and c multiple phenolic-active enzyme dynamics expressed by MAGs from these two taxa likely yield energy and produce acetate and butyrate. Enzyme abbreviations are as follows: peroxidase (AA2, EC 1.11.1.21); 1,4-benzoquinone reductase (AA6, EC 1.6.5.6), chalcone isomerase (CHI, EC 5.5.1.6), flavanonol-cleaving reductase (FCR), phloretin hydrolase (PHY, EC 3.7.1.4), phloroglucinol reductase (PGR, EC 1.3.1.57), caffeoyl-CoA reductase (CAR, EC 1.3.1.108), indole-pyruvate oxidoreductase (IPOR, EC 1.2.7.8), phenylacetate-CoA ligase (PaaK, EC 6.2.1.30), and aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (AAT, EC 2.6.1.57).