Fig. 2: PARP9 plays an essential role in type I IFN production in response to infection by RNA viruses.

ELISA of IFN-α (a, c) and IFN-β (b, d) production by BMDC (a, b) or BMDM (c, d) from wild-type (WT) and Parp9^−/− (KO) mice after 10 h of stimulation with long poly I:C (LPIC, 0.5 μg/ml), short poly I:C (SPIC, 0.5 μg/ml) and 5’pppRNA (5’ppp, 0.5 μg/ml) delivered by Lipofectamine 3000 (n = 3 per group). ELISA of IFN-α (e, g) and IFN-β (f, h) production by BMDC from wild-type (WT) and Parp9^−/− (KO) mice after 12 h (e, f) or 16 h (g, h) of infection with Reovirus (Reovirus type 3 strain dearing T3D, Reo), VSV (Vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain, VSV) or influenza A virus (influenza A virus PR8 strain, Flu) (n = 3 per group). ELISA of IFN-α (i, k) and IFN-β (j, l) production by BMDM from wild-type (WT) and Parp9^−/− (KO) mice after 12 h (i, j) or 16 h (k, l) of infection with Reovirus, VSV or Flu virus at an MOI of 5 (n = 3 per group). Each circle represents an individual independent experiment and small solid black lines indicate the average of triplicates for results in a–l. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and p value was calculated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. Mock, wild-type BMDC or BMDM without stimulation or infection. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Exact p values (a, p = 0.00072, p = 0.00088, p = 0.112; b, p = 0.00069, p = 0.00048, p = 0.0495; c, p = 0.00036, p = 0.00098, p = 0.0495; d, p = 0.00023, p = 0.00044, p = 0.0495; e, p = 0.00008, p = 0.00079, p = 0.0025; f, p = 0.0017, p = 0.0081, p = 0.0136; g, p = 0.00001, p = 0.00098, p = 0.00036; h, p = 0.00089, p = 0.00013, p = 0.0012; i, p = 0.00036, p = 0.00002, p = 0.00004; j, p = 0.0012, p = 0.0015, p = 0.002; k, p = 0.00043, p = 0.00001, p = 0.0019; l, p = 0.00075, p = 0.00052, p = 0.002).