Fig. 3: Charge and polarization analysis.
From: Alkali-deficiency driven charged out-of-phase boundaries for giant electromechanical response
a Plan-view STEM HAADF image of NP-NNO film, where three nanopillars are marked. b Colorized polarization (δNb-O) arrow map overlaid on the respective STEM ABF image of a, where the corresponding nanopillars are marked. c Enlarged image of the region with a large nanopillar marked in b. d1, e1 Enlarged images of the regular nanopillar with 12 Nb atoms and polar nanopillar. d2, e2 Colorized polarization arrow map of d1, e1, respectively.
