Fig. 5: Varying the costs associated with plant and insect traits reveals coevolutionary outcomes.

Insect costs associated with herbivory (c^H_I,i) and visitation (c^V_I,i) are varied in panels (a, b) and plant costs associated with defense (c^H_P,i) and attraction (c^V_P,i) are varied in panels (c, d) (Methods). Green regions indicate evolutionary transitions from antagonism to net mutualism. Gray regions indicate that the interaction is net antagonistic despite evolutionary co-option of the antagonist. White regions indicate evolutionary purging of the antagonist. Black points give evolutionary parameter values used in the model (Methods).