Fig. 2: Responses of pollinator biodiversity to LUI (a combined variable of land-use type and intensity).

Each panel represents a linear or generalised linear mixed-effects model for: A species richness; and B total abundance. We excluded Simpson diversity here since AIC was greater for the main model than the intercept-only model. Colours represent land-use type: orange (primary vegetation, Primary), green (mature secondary vegetation, MSV), yellow (intermediate secondary vegetation, ISV), blue (young secondary vegetation, YSV), dark orange (plantation forest, Plantation), pink (Pasture), grey (Cropland), and black (Urban), and point shape represents land-use intensity: circle (minimal use), triangles (light use), and squares (intense use). Effect sizes were adjusted to a percentage by drawing fixed effects 1000 times based on the variance-covariance matrix, expressing each fixed effect within each random draw as a percentage of the baseline (primary vegetation minimal use), and then calculating the median value (shown as points) and 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles (shown as error bars). See Supplementary Table 5 for the number of sites and Supplementary Tables 6 and 7 for the model summaries. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.