Fig. 5: Response of pollinator biodiversity in cropland sites to total fertiliser application rate in the landscape (kg/ha) (note that each metric is plotted on a log scale), predicted across 95% of the range of sampled fertiliser values for each taxonomic order.

Each panel represents a linear or generalised linear mixed-effects model for a given biodiversity metric for four invertebrate orders: A, C, and E invertebrate species richness, total abundance, and Simpson diversity respectively; and B, D, and F vertebrate species richness, total abundance, and Simpson diversity respectively. Coloured lines represent median fitted estimates for each taxonomic order, with shading representing 95% confidence intervals: light blue (Coleoptera), light orange (Diptera), dark blue (Hymenoptera), pink (Lepidoptera), green (Apodiformes), and black (Passeriformes). Dashed lines represent significant interactions (p < 0.05) between taxonomic order and total fertiliser application rate, and solid lines non-significant interactions. See Supplementary Table 15 for the number of sites, Supplementary Tables 16, 17, and 18 for the model summaries, and Supplementary Fig. 9 for the global distribution of total fertiliser application rate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.