Fig. 3: Nasal and serum cytokine profiles. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Nasal and serum cytokine profiles.

From: Distinct clinical and immunological profiles of patients with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in sub-Saharan Africa

Fig. 3

Principal component analysis (PCA) of the 38 analytes (37 cytokines and sCD40L) in a nasal lining fluid and b serum of healthy controls, PCR-confirmed COVID-19, PCR−/IgG+ SARI and PCR−/IgG− SARI patients, showing similarity of nasal cytokine responses between PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and PCR−/IgG+ SARI patients. Correlogram of cytokine interactions in c nasal lining fluid and d serum among the different study groups, showing induction of similar immune process in PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and PCR−/IgG+ SARI patients. For all boxplots, box boundaries correspond to 25th and 75th percentiles; whiskers extend to a maximum of 1.5× the interquartile range, with values outside the box and whiskers being outliers. Healthy controls, n = 25; PCR-confirmed COVID-19, n = 25; PCR−/IgG+ SARI, n = 16; PCR−/IgG− SARI, n = 11. SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, COVID-19 coronavirus disease of 2019, PCR polymerase chain reaction, IgG immunoglobulin G, SARI severe acute respiratory infection, PC1 principal component 1, PC2 principal component 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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