Fig. 1: Elevated expression of PDCD5 in IPF patients and in a mouse lung fibrosis model.

a IHC with an anti-PDCD5 antibody performed in two representative samples from control subjects and IPF patients, respectively. Scale bars = 100 μm. b Dot plot represents PDCD5 intensity/H&E ratio from IPF patients (n = 19) and the control subjects (n = 10). IPF vs. control; 1.7 (1.6–2.4) vs. 0.6 (0.4–0.9), p < 0.001, two-tailed Mann–Whitney test. Error bars, mean ± s.e.m. c, d Representative images showing PDCD5 IHC and MTS in BLM-induced fibrosis lung of wild type (c) and TGF-β transgenic mouse (d) (scale bars = 100 μm). PDCD5 and H&E intensities and MTS areas were analyzed using ImageJ software. Error bars, mean ± s.e.m. (n = 5 mice/group); **p < 0.008, two-tailed Mann–Whitney test (c, d). e Immunofluorescence assay was carried out with human and mouse lung tissue using indicated antibodies. Scale bars = 50 μm. CCSP is a club cell marker; Pro-SPC is an AT2 cell marker; and PDPN is an AT1 cell marker. Co-localized PDCD5 and each marker is indicated by white arrowheads (scale bars = 50 μm). f, g Weighted co-localized coefficient was calculated using ZEN 3.0 software. Error bars, mean ± s.e.m. n = 3 in each group except CCSP-IPF and SPC-IPF groups (n = 6). *p < 0.0357; n.s. not significant, two-tailed Mann–Whitney test (f). **p < 0.009; n.s. not significant, unpaired two-tailed t-test (g). Source data are provided in the Source Data file.