Fig. 5: Structural characterization by quasi-in situ XAFS spectroscopy during a lithiation-delithiation cycle of Sn2(dobpdc).

a Load curve during the second discharge–charge process at 50 mA g−1 with marked states for quasi-in situ XAFS tests. b Schematic cross-section of a coin-type battery for the quasi-in situ XAFS test. c, d Sn K-edge XANES during the discharge–charge process. The insets display the corresponding Sn K-edge k3-weighted FT-EXAFS spectra. e, f Sn K-edge k3-weighted FT-EXAFS spectra fitting in R space for selected states during the discharge–charge process. The black lines in c-f correspond to the XAFS spectra of the pristine electrode. g CNs of near neighbors around Sn atoms at different states in the quasi-in situ battery.