Fig. 5: Evidence supporting the evolutionary role of temporal redundancy modulation.

a Evolution of pulsatile dynamics of Msn2/4 orthologs in different yeast species. See also Supplementary Fig. 11. b Pulse coincidence rate between Msn2_cg and Msn4_cg in C. glabrata decreases as the glucose limitation stress increases. Cell numbers are 525, 652, 761, and 752. Error bars indicate 95% CIs and centers indicate means. c Pulse coincidence rate is bimodally distributed among single cells under the same stress level for C. glabrata. d Quantification of functional redundancy between Msn2_cg and Msn4_cg in C. glabrata through analogous experiments and analysis as in Fig. 2c. Msn2/4_cg target genes were identified by differential gene expression analysis (Supplementary Fig. 12d). e Proposed evolutionary trajectories of functional redundancy and temporal relationship between paralog dynamics for the Msn2/4 system in yeast. f Schematics illustrating the potential role of temporal redundancy modulation for the evolutionary preservation of paralogous redundancy. Prior to duplication (leftmost panel), the TF of interest exhibits pulsatile dynamics (top) and regulates a set of target genes (bottom). Immediately after duplication, paralogous TFs have high functional redundancy and highly correlated dynamics (middle panel). The subsequent acquisition of mechanisms for temporal redundancy modulation helps the maintenance of functional redundancy (rightmost panel). For each panel, the top half illustrates the temporal activity dynamics of the TF(s), while the bottom half illustrates the regulatory connections between TF(s) and targets. Colored squares represent shared or unshared targets of the TFs.