Table 2 Main outcomes and associations with congenital ZIKV infection at birth.

From: Association between confirmed congenital Zika infection at birth and outcomes up to 3 years of life

Main outcomes

Confirmed congenital infections

Negative neonatal testing

RR [95% CI]

p

aRR* [95% CI]

p

Neonatal and early infantile adverse outcomesa

8/18 (44.4%)

4/111 (3.6%)

12.3 [4.1–36.8]

<0.001

10.1 [3.5–29.0]

<0.001

    Neonatal demise

1/18 (5.6%)

0/111 (0.0%)

 

0.14

  

    Structural brain anomalies

6/18 (33.3%)

3/111 (2.7%)

12.3 [3.4–45.0]

<0.001

10.5 [3.0–36.7]

<0.001

    Severe neurologic symptoms

5/18 (27.8%)

1/100 (0.9%)

30.8 [3.8–248.9]

0.001

26 [3.2–208.3]

0.002

        In infants with structural brain anomalies

3/6 (50.0%)

0/3 (0.0%)

 

0.238

  

        In infants without structural brain anomalies

2/12 (16.7%)

1/108 (0.9%)

18 [1.8–184.1]

0.015

20.5 [2.3–184.3]

0.007

Adverse outcomes at 2 years of lifeb

6/15 (40.0%)

5/96 (5.2%)

7.7 [2.7–22.1]

<0.001

6.7 [2.2–20.0]

0.001

        In children with structural brain anomalies

4/5 (80.0%)

2/3 (66.7%)

1.2 [0.48–3.0]

0.695

1.1 [0.4–2.7]

0.845

        In children without structural brain anomalies

2/10 (20.0%)

3/93 (3.2%)

6.2 [1.2–32.8]

0.032

6.2 [1.2–33.0]

0.032

     Neurologic impairments

5/15 (53.3%)

4/96 (4.2%)

8.0 [2.4–26.5]

0.001

7.1 [2.1–24.1]

0.002

     Delay in motor acquisitions

2/15 (13.3%)

1/96 (1.0%)

12.8 [1.2–132.6]

0.033

9.0 [0.81–99.6]

0.073

     Neurosensory alterations

3/15 (20.0%)

1/96 (1.0%)

19.4 [2.1–172.7]

0.008

22.5 [2.5–205.5]

0.006

Referral for suspicion of neurodevelopment < −2SD in at least one domain at 3 years of lifec

7/11 (63.6%)

7/51 (13.7%)

4.6 [2.0–10.5]

<0.001

4.4 [1.9–10.1]

<0.001

          In children with structural brain anomalies

4/4 (100.0%)

0/2 (0.0%)

 

0.067

  

          In children without structural brain anomalies

3/7 (42.9%)

7/49 (14.3%)

3.0 [1.0–9.0]

0.05

3.0 [1.0–9.0]

0.049

     Motor

2/11 (18.2%)

1/51 (2.0%)

9.3 [0.9–93.4]

0.059

9.3 [1.0–88.4]

0.051

     Cognitive and language

6/11 (54.5%)

3/51 (5.9%)

9.3 [2.7–31.5]

<0.001

8.3 [2.4–28.2]

0.001

     Socio-affective

4/11 (36.4%)

6/51 (11.8%)

3.1 [1.0–9.1]

0.041

3.3 [1.2–9.0]

0.021

  1. a129 infants evaluated from birth to 2 months of life.
  2. b111 children evaluated up to 2 years of life.
  3. c62 children evaluated at 3 years of life using the Child Development Assessment Scale.
  4. *Adjusted on the trimester of maternal Zika infection. Exposures during pregnancy, maternal age, socioeconomic status and co-morbidities, infant gender, twins, prematurity, and the mode of delivery were tested as effect-modifiers. Structural brain anomalies were also tested as effect-modifiers for severe neurological symptoms, infantile adverse outcomes, and suspicion of neurodevelopment < −2SD. In the case of interaction, the analysis is stratified on effect-modifiers.
  5. If an adverse outcome was not observed in one of the groups, the p value was estimated using a Fischer test (two-sided).
Back to article page