Fig. 2: SEM assessing direct responses by guilds or indirect effects mediated by plant communities and pre-treatment soil properties.

Black lines indicate significant (P < 0.05) positive relationships and red lines negative relationships and the strength of these relationships is indicated by the width of the arrows where dotted lines indicate pathways that are non-significant (P > 0.05) but improved the model-fit (Supplementary Table 2). Because some predictor or response variables were missing for some sites, the SEM analyses were restricted to 15 sites with complete data matrices.