Fig. 6: Space measurements statistics related to the electromagnetic power of superbolts.
From: Electromagnetic power of lightning superbolts from Earth to space
Superbolts’ local time (in hour) distribution (a) and b time delay from ground time to detection time in space versus L-shell (t = αL + β). Statistics of Van Allen Probes c magnetic and d electric field squared, averaged over 1 s, from (pink) burst and (black) survey-mode measurements compared with (green) regular VLF lightning-generated wave distributions21. The mean [median] of the magnetic (electric) field squared is 3598 pT2 (0.40 mV2/m2) [80 pT2 (0.015 mV2/m2)]. Notable findings are the absence of the superbolt’s electromagnetic signal in space during day times (a), a long-time delay of the space signal proportional to L-shell (b), ground and space mean EM field squared about 100 times larger than for normal lightning (c, d).
