Fig. 5: FMT is sufficient to induce some phenotypical changes caused by PM in a HFHS context.

Germ-free mice were colonized by fecal slurry from either HFHS-C-fed mice (light blue) or HFHS-PM-fed mice (light blue, hatched). a Body weight curve, (b) total body weight gain, and (c) total energy intake of mice all fed HFHS-C and housed in an axenic-gnotobiotic facility. d–g Tissue weights of (d) inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) (e) intrascapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), (f) visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and (g) gastrocnemius muscle after 11 weeks. At week 10, mice were fasted for 6 h and challenged with an oral glucose load (1 mg/g body weight). h Glycemia and (i) insulinemia before the ingestion of glucose. j Glycemic response, (k) insulinemic response, and (l) area under the curve (AUC) for GSIS during the peak of insulin response (T0-T30), following the glucose load. Fecal microbiota alpha diversity represented by (m) Shannon and (n) Simpson’s reciprocal indexes. o Histograms of LDA scores identifying genera differentially represented between FMT HFHS-C (light blue) and FMT HFHS-PM (blue) groups, with a cut-off value of 2.5 for LDA score. n = 12 biologically independent mice for both groups except for panels h–l where n = 11 for FMT HFHS-PM group, and panel C where n = 4. Data are represented as means ± s.e.m. Statistical analyses were performed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test or its nonparametric equivalent Mann-Whitney test, or a two-way repeated measure ANOVA followed by a Tukey post-hoc test. P-values of general effect for microbiota (M) and time (T) factors and microbiota × time (M × T) interaction are recorded under the title of each graph. Detailed significant differences are recorded as follows: *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.