Fig. 5: Research techniques.

a₁–c₁, Percentages of papers that used ‘type 2’ techniques (‘Methods’) (a₁), transgenic models (b₁) or medicinal plants (c₁), organised by geography. Countries with fewer than 10 papers in the dataset were excluded (grey). a₂–c₂ As (a₁–c₁), plotted as percentage bars per country, with the same metrics extracted from representative non-African publications (blue). African countries are sorted by the total number of papers published (a₂, top), excluding countries with fewer than 10 papers in the database. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.