Table 1 Results of electroadhesion tests done with QDM gels and various bovine tissues.

From: Reversible electroadhesion of hydrogels to animal tissues for suture-less repair of cuts or tears

Adhesion

No Adhesion

Tissue (Bovine)

Adhesion Strength, Following Electroadhesion

Adhesion Strength Following Contact Adhesion

Tissue (Bovine)

Adhesion Strength, Following Electroadhesion

Adhesion Strength Following Contact Adhesion

Aorta (descending thoracic)

3

1–2

Heart

0–1

0

Cornea (inner layer)

3–4

0

Brain

0–1

0

Lung

2

0

Spleen

0–1

0

Cartilage (articular)

2

0

Fat

0

0

   

Thymus

1–2

1

Tendon (transverse section)

3–4

0

Tendon (longitudinal section)

1–2

0

Skeletal muscle (neck, transverse section)

2–3

0

Skeletal muscle (neck, longitudinal section)

1

0

Skeletal muscle (cheek, transverse section)

2

0

Skeletal muscle (cheek, longitudinal section)

1–2

0

  1. N = 3 for all samples. All electroadhesion tests done with 10 V DC, applied for 20 s.
  2. Numerical scores represent strength of adhesion assessed on a scale of 0–4: 0—Negligible; 1—Weak; 2-Moderate; 3—Strong; 4—Very strong.
  3. Electroadhesion was significant relative to contact adhesion only for the tissues listed in the left half of the table.