Table 2 Characterisation of marginal incurred or substituted processes accounted for in dynamic life cycle assessment of forestry value chains, evolving through five time periods over the time horizon considered.
Pathway | Energy source or technology | Time period | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020–2029 | 2030–2039 | 2040–2049 | 2050–2085 | 2085–2120 | ||
Core | Marginal industrial heating fuel | Coal | Coal | Coal | 90% coal, 10% biomass | 15% hydrogen, 85% biomass |
Marginal electricity generation | Natural gas | Natural gas | Natural gas | Natural gas | Natural gas | |
CCS deployment on biomass and fossil fuel electricity (%) | 0% | 10% | 20% | 50% | 100% | |
CCS deployment on biomass and fossil fuel heat (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 45% | |
CCS deployment on calcination in cement production (%) | NA (no sawn wood production, therefore no concrete substitution) | 0% | 10% | |||
CCS deployment on wood panel production emissions—heat plus ammonia/resin production (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 45% | |
HGV electrification/hydrogen fuel (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 13% | 100% | |
Further Ambition | Marginal industrial heating fuel | Coal | Coal | 40% coal, 60% biomass | 15% coal, 85% biomass | 15% hydrogen, 85% biomass |
Marginal electricity generation | Natural gas | Natural gas | Natural gas | Solar PV | Solar PV | |
CCS deployment on biomass and fossil fuel electricity (%) | 0% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
CCS deployment on biomass and fossil fuel heat (%) | 0% | 0% | 45% | 90% | 100% | |
CCS deployment on calcination in cement production (%) | NA (no sawn wood production, therefore no concrete substitution) | 90% | 100% | |||
CCS deployment on wood panel production emissions—heat plus ammonia/resin production (%) | 0% | 0% | 45% | 90% | 100% | |
HGV electrification/hydrogen fuel (%) | 0% | 0% | 45% | 90% | 100% | |
