Fig. 1: PHB is highly expressed in GSCs.

a–c Immunoblot (IB) showing the expression of indicated proteins in glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) and matched non-stem tumor cells (NSTCs) (a), in GSCs, normal human astrocyte (NHA), and human neural progenitor cells (hNP1, 17231, and 15167) (b), or in GSCs, primary GBM cells and established glioma cell lines (c). d and e Representative immunofluorescent (IF) images of human primary glioblastoma (GBM) specimens stained with anti-PHB (green) and anti-SOX2 (red). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst (blue) (d, left). Scale bars, 40 μm. Quantifications of PHB staining intensity in SOX2+ (n = 110) and SOX2− (n = 100) cells (five random microscope fields from three tumors) are shown (d, right). Pearson’s correlation coefficient between PHB and SOX2 staining intensity in GBM cells is shown (e). f mRNA expression of PHB in GSCs (n = 19) relative to bulk tumor cells (BTCs, n = 7) from GEO profile (GSE86237) are shown. g IB showing the levels of PHB and PHB2 in human primary GBM tissues and adjacent normal brain tissues. h Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of PHB in primary GBM and matched adjacent brain tissue. Scale bars, 100 μm. i–k IHC analysis of PHB in a glioma tissue microarray. Representative images and boxplots of histoscore of PHB in low grade and high grade gliomas are shown (i). Scale bars, 50 μm. (low grade, n = 94; high grade, n = 66). The percentages of recurrence of gliomas in tumors with low (n = 79) or high (n = 81) expression of PHB are shown (j). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of patients with PHB low (n = 35) and PHB high (n = 31) expression in high-grade gliomas are shown (k). (Log-rank Mantel–Cox test). See Supplementary Table 1. Boxplots represent the median, 25th, and 75th percentiles. The maximum and minimum are connected to the center box through the vertical lines (whiskers). d, f, i Unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test (d, f), Welch’s two-sided t-test (i). Source data are provided as Source Data file.