Fig. 1: Emitted ions from the surfaces of nanoparticles.
From: Anomalous formation of trihydrogen cations from water on nanoparticles
a Comparison between two TOF spectra from two experiments (red/green lines) with different conditions including size of nanoparticles (100 and 300 nm), concentration of sample (3 and 1.5 g/L), and laser intensity at 2 × 1014 W/cm2 serving as an evidence for the formation of \({\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}\). b Comparison between ions emitted from the surfaces of 100 nm silica nanoparticles inhabited by H2O and D2O molecules at 3 g/L concentration and irradiated by a laser intensity of 2 × 1014 W/cm2. The presence of \({\mathrm{D}}_{3}^{+}\) and \({\mathrm{HD}}_{2}^{+}\,\) peaks in the ToF spectrum of D2O adsorbed on nanoparticles presents unequivocal evidence about the source of the trideuterium ions (for extended TOF spectra, cf. Supplementary Fig. 4). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
