Fig. 1: Hypercytokinemia in COVID-19 as a distinct cytokine release syndrome. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Hypercytokinemia in COVID-19 as a distinct cytokine release syndrome.

From: Monocyte-driven atypical cytokine storm and aberrant neutrophil activation as key mediators of COVID-19 disease severity

Fig. 1

Comparison of plasma levels of selected cytokines and chemokines from healthy controls (HC, n = 10), COVID-19 critical condition (CCC, n = 22) and MAS patients (n = 10) (a) and COVID-19 subgroups (for mild-moderate (CMM), n = 39; for critical (CCC), n = 22) versus healthy controls (n = 10) (b). Plasma concentrations were measured by MSD (Meso Scale Discovery). Boxplot representation (centre line, mean; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, range; points, data points per patient). A two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons was used; IL-6: p < 0.0001 HC vs CCC, p = 0.003 HC vs MAS; IL-18: p < 0.0001 HC vs MAS, p = 0.005 CCC vs MAS; IFNg: p = 0.014 HC vs CCC, p < 0.0001 HC vs MAS, p = 0.008 CCC vs MAS; TNF-a: p = 0.004 HC vs CCC, p < 0.0001 HC vs MAS, p = 0.015 CCC vs MAS; CXCL8: p = 0.008 HC vs CCC, p = 0.002 CCC vs MAS; CXCL9: p = 0.007 HC vs CCC, p < 0.0001 HC vs MAS, p = 0.014 CCC vs MAS; VEGF: p = 0.049 HC vs CCC, p = 0.0004 CCC vs MAS (a) and IL-6: p = 0.0009 HC vs CMM, p < 0.0001 HC vs CCC, p = 0.014 CMM vs CCC; IL-18: p = 0.019 HC vs CCC, p = 0.024 CMM vs CCC; IFNg: p = 0.004 HC vs CMM, p = 0.003 HC vs CCC; TNF-a: p = 0.009 HC vs CMM, p < 0.0001 HC vs CCC, p = 0.038 CMM vs CCC; CCL2: p = 0.003 HC vs CMM, p < 0.0001 HC vs CCC, p = 0.026 CMM vs CCC; CCL3: p = 0.006 HC vs CMM, p < 0.0001 HC vs CCC, p = 0.016 CMM vs CCC; CXCL8: p = 0.007 HC vs CMM, p = 0.0005 HC vs CCC (b). Significance is shown as *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001. MAS = macrophage activation syndrome. See Figs. S1 and S2 for additional cytokine results. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

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