Fig. 2: Peripheral blood immunophenotyping.

a Heatmap representation of immune cell subset changes between healthy controls (n = 8), COVID-19 mild-moderate (n = 32) and critical (n = 14) condition based on mass cytometry measurements on whole blood; representation shows relative fold change compared to healthy per cell subset. A two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple group comparisons was used. b scRNA-seq data of COVID-19 PBMCs: UMAP plot of 83,524 single cells, colour-coded per cell type. c Violin plots of expression level of key cytokine/chemokine/chemokine receptor coding genes in the cell types identified in PBMCs from COVID-19 patients, as shown in (b). d CD4+/CD8+ ratios in healthy controls (HC, n = 6), mild-moderate (CMM, n = 13) and critical (CCC, n = 10) COVID-19 cases, based on scRNA-seq. Healthy control data were derived from a publicly available dataset (GSE150728). Boxplot representation (centre line, mean; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, range; points, data points per patient). A two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple group comparisons was used. p = 0.002 HC vs CMM, p = 0.011 HC vs CCC. Significance is shown as *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. See Figs. S4 and S5 for further supporting data. Source data are provided as a Source data file.