Fig. 7: RT-ddPCR assay for detection of trophoblast-specific genes in the cTBs captured by NanoVelcro Chips confirming trophoblast cells of placental origin.

a Schematic illustrating the general workflow for detecting trophoblast-specific genes in cTBs captured by NanoVelcro Chips. The trophoblast-specific genes were selected from placenta transcriptome databases, validated using trophoblast cells from the placental tissue of PAS (n = 4 biologically independent samples) compared to white blood cells (WBCs) from healthy non-pregnant female donors (n = 4 independent experiments). b Heat maps depicting relative signal intensities for gene expression of 7 trophoblast-specific genes in the cTBs enriched from pregnant women with PAS (n = 11) and normal placentation (n = 10). c Differences in gene expression for 7 trophoblast-specific genes in the cTBs enriched from pregnant women with PAS (n = 11) and normal placentation (n = 10). Primary copy numbers (CN) are log10-transformed for each gene and False Discovery Rate (FDR) is controlled for multiple comparisons. Data are presented as means ± SD. Multiple T-tests are used to compare the differences of trophoblast-gene expression in different groups. All tests are two-sided with adjustments. The adjusted p value (q value) for each gene (PAS versus normal) is as follows: 0.0004 (CSH1), <0.0001 (CSH2), 0.0008 (PAPPA2), <0.0001 (PSG1), 0.0671 (PSG2), <0.0001 (PSG3), 0.0074 (PSG11). ****q < 0.0001, ***q < 0.001, **q < 0.01, *q < 0.05. Clinical data for patients are listed in Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1. Source data are provided in the Source data file.