Fig. 1: Thermodynamic and dynamic climate mean states from the observations.
From: Central American mountains inhibit eastern North Pacific seasonal tropical cyclone activity
a June–November 1990–2018 averaged NOAA Optimum Interpolation sea-surface temperature (NOAA OISST; °C) in white contours, ERA5 reanalysis data integrated water vapor transport magnitude (IVT; kg m−1 s−1) in color shadings (right color bar) and direction in vectors, overlaid with land surface elevation (m; bottom color bar). Black box (95°W–80°W, 10°N–15°N) illustrates the area of IVT intrabasin average in Fig. 6. b June–November 1990–2018 averaged ERA5 950 hPa relative vorticity (10−5 s−1; right color bar) in color shadings, wind speed (m s−1; bottom color bar) and wind direction in streamlines. Note that yellow areas over land in (b) indicate the mountain area at 950 hPa.
