Fig. 5: Topography-induced responses of thermodynamic climate states in the ENP.
From: Central American mountains inhibit eastern North Pacific seasonal tropical cyclone activity
a The precipitation difference (mm day−1; color shading) using no mountains (NMT) minus control (CTL) ensemble mean. Vertical cross-section averaged from 8°N to 15°N [red dashed box in panel a] of b buoyancy (kJ kg−1; positive upward; LFC the level of free convection, and LCL the lifted condensation level. Buoyancy values within LCL are masked out with white shadings as water vapor are not saturated. See “Methods” for details. c Vertical velocity (cm s−1) difference (color shadings) using NMT minus CTL ensemble mean. CTL mean values are shown as contours. d–f Similar to (a–c), but for no mountain gaps (NGP) minus CTL. Gray dots denote statistical confidence at the 95% level based on the two-sided t test. Black shadings indicate the sketchings of averaged surface elevation.
