Fig. 2: Photo-luminescence of Ce:GAGG bidirectionally actuated VTA-DA neurons in vitro.
From: Remote control of neural function by X-ray-induced scintillation
a Schematic of the experiment. b Top, sample voltage-clamp recordings from a ChRmine-expressing VTA-DA neuron responding to 1-s Ce:GAGG PL. Bottom, photocurrent amplitude vs. PL intensity (n = 9 cells). c Sample recordings from a ChRmine-expressing VTA-DA neuron current-clamped at approximately −60 mV, responding to 1-s PL. d AP rate of ChRmine-expressing neurons vs. PL intensity (n = 15 cells). e Sample recordings from a ChRmine-expressing neuron current-clamped at approximately −40 mV, responding to 1-min PL illumination. f Time course (left) and quantification (right) of average AP rates with 1-min PL illumination at 1.7 (black) or 3.3 (red) μW/cm2. Thick line: mean, Shadows: ± SEM, BL: baseline, Stim.: stimulation. 1.7 μW/cm2: n = 7 cells, ***p = 0.0002; 3.3 μW/cm2: n = 10 cells, **p = 0.0017; paired t-test, two-sided. g Same as b, but from stGtACR1-expressing VTA-DA neurons (n = 11 cells). h Same as c, but for a stGtACR1-expressing neuron. APs were evoked by the current injection. i Success rate of spike suppression by Ce:GAGG PL in stGtACR1-expressing neurons (n = 10 cells). j, k Same as e, f but for stGtACR1-expressing neurons. 1.7 μW/cm2: n = 7 cells, **p = 0.0017; 3.3 μW/cm2: n = 7 cells, **p = 0.0034; paired t-test, two-sided. Lightly colored lines indicate individual cells. Values are mean ± SEM.
