Fig. 3: Radio-luminescence of Ce:GAGG microparticles activated VTA-DA neurons in vivo.
From: Remote control of neural function by X-ray-induced scintillation
a Left, a scanning electron micrograph of SMPs. Right, the size distribution of the SMPs measured by dynamic light scattering. b An RL intensity map around the SMPs (red) injected in the gray matter at a depth of 4.2 mm under 1.0 Gy/min X-irradiation (see also Supplementary Fig. 7). c Schematic of the c-Fos induction experiment. d Representative confocal images showing RL-induced expression of c-Fos (red, arrowheads) among ChRmine-expressing cells near injected SMPs. e Ratio of c-Fos-positive cells under different conditions (n = 6 hemispheres from 3 mice for each group). SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays++ vs. SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays+, ****p < 0.0001; SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays++ vs. SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays–, ****p < 0.0001; SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays++ vs. SMPs+/ChRmine–/X-rays++, ****p < 0.0001; SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays++ vs. SMPs–/ChRmine+/X-rays++, ****p < 0.0001; SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays+ vs. SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays–, ****p < 0.0001; SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays+ vs. SMPs+/ChRmine–/X-rays++, ****p < 0.0001; SMPs+/ChRmine+/X-rays+ vs. SMPs–/ChRmine+/X-rays++, ***p = 0.0002; Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, two-sided. Open circles indicate individual data. Values are mean ± SEM.
