Fig. 3: Bottom-up estimates of historical use.
From: Past and future trends of Egypt’s water consumption and its sources
a Historical water application in Egypt for agriculture broken down by crop (Supplementary Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.7). b Historical total Nile water use (agriculture + municipal + industrial − reuse) [red dotted line] compared to available supply [black lines]. Red squares mark values for 1995, 2000, 2012, and 2017. This is the flow at Dongola station adjusted by evaporation at Lake Nasser and from other surface water bodies (estimated at 10 km3 and 2 km3 respectively)2, with added rainfall and primary groundwater abstraction (1.5 km3 and 0.5 km3 respectively)12, 52. Storage change in Lake Nasser is not considered in this availability estimate. These are compared to the AQUASTAT numbers for freshwater withdrawal in Egypt [blue dots]46 (Supplementary Table 1.16). Dark Gray shading represents the amount of Virtual Water Import (shown in Fig. 2e), and light red shading shows the amount of drainage, wastewater reuse, and GW reuse (shown in Fig. 2c). These shaded areas represent the additional demand met by these sources, and not a range of values.
