Fig. 2: Home range and environmental niche configurations of 26 white storks (Ciconia ciconia) in three populations during the 2015 breeding season.

a Individual home ranges, with lines representing 95% contours and colors identifying single individuals. b, c Geometric configuration and associated metrics of individual niches of the individuals shown in (a). Individuals are arranged on a specialist-to- generalist gradient, with individual niches extending into unique environmental space as their niche volume increases. See Fig. S2 for other years (2013–2016) which display similar patterns. b Visual representation of niche geometry and configuration in reduced two-dimensional space. Dimension reduction was performed on the estimated hypervolumes using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on a subset of 1000 points from each hypervolume. Polygons represent the 95% outer contour of each individual niche. Colors and individuals are consistent with those in (a). c Specialization, nestedness, and clustering metrics for the three populations, calculated on the five-dimensional niches. All metrics range from 0 (low) to 1 (high). Colored points represent the population-level metric and violin plots characterize the distribution of individual or pairwise metrics for specialization and nestedness, respectively. See Fig. S3 for distributions of these metrics under three null models (further described in the methods section). Basemap images in (a): Google, ©2021 TerraMetrics.