Fig. 3: Cisplatin induces GR nuclear translocation.

a Immunofluorescence assay of GR in KB-3-1 and A2780 cells before and after cisplatin treatment. Nuclei were DAPI stained. b Western blots show the cytosolic and nuclear localization of GR upon cisplatin treatment in KB-3-1 and A2780 cells. PARP and β-actin were used as control markers for nucleus and cytosol, respectively. c: cytosol, n: nucleus. c GR localization in KB-3-1 xenograft tumors collected from cisplatin-treated (T1–T3) and vehicle-treated (V1–V3) mice. d and e Nuclear staining of GR in paired HNSCC patient tumor tissues collected before and after platinum treatment. The patients were either “Resistant (cis^R)” or “Sensitive (cis^S)” to platinum-based therapy. Images were quantified with ImageJ software. f Representative GR staining images of paired HNSCC patient tumors are shown. g The correlation between MAST1 expression and GR nuclear staining in paired tumor tissues of HNSCC patients receiving platinum therapy. Scale bars represent 10 μm for a and 50 μm for f. Data are mean ± SD from three random selected areas for a, from one and three biological replicates for b and c, and n = 8 (cisplatin-resistant) and n = 5 (cisplatin-sensitive) patients for e. Three representative tumors from 13 cases are shown for each group (before/after platinum therapy) for f. Statistical analyses were performed by unpaired two-tailed t-test for e and two-tailed Pearson’s correlation coefficient for g. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.