Table 1 Screening of various Rh catalysts in the hydroformylation of styrene.

From: Phosphorus coordinated Rh single-atom sites on nanodiamond as highly regioselective catalyst for hydroformylation of olefins

Entry

Catalyst

Rh loading (wt%)

t (h)

Conv. (%)

Sel.aCHO (%)

b/lb

TOF (h−1)

1

Rh1/PNP-ND

0.50

10

77

>99

12.4:1

95

2c

[Rh(COD)Cl]2-PNP

/

10

85

99

4.9:1

105

3

Rh-PNP/ND

0.28

10

44

98

4.7:1

96

4

[Rh(COD)Cl]2/ND

0.37

10

17

94

2.0:1

27

5

Rh NPs/ND

0.40

10

11

91

1.9:1

15

6

Rh1/PNP-ND

0.50

16

>99

>99

13.1:1

77

7d

Rh1/PNP-ND

0.50

30

>99

>99

11.9:1

37

  1. Reaction conditions: 3 mmol styrene, 50 mg catalyst, 15 mL toluene, 15 mL H2O, 3.0 MPa syngas (CO/H2 = 1), 50 °C, The Rh loading was determined by ICP-AES.
  2. aThe selectivity for aldehydes products.
  3. bThe molar ratio of branched aldehydes/linear aldehydes.
  4. cThe molar ratio of Rh/PNP is 1:1, 0.25 mg Rh was used.
  5. d200 mg catalyst, 3 mL H2O, 12 mmol styrene (1.42 mL).
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