Fig. 3: In vitro sonotherapy efficiency.
From: A highly potent ruthenium(II)-sonosensitizer and sonocatalyst for in vivo sonotherapy
a The cell viabilities of 4T1 cells after incubation with different concentrations of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the presence or absence of US. b The cell viabilities of 4T1 cells treated with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (10 μM) for varied US irradiation time. c Confocal images of 4T1 cells stained with calcein AM (green, live cells) and propidium iodide (red, dead cells) after different treatments. The experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results. d Confocal images of 4T1 cells stained with SOSG (green) after various treatments. Ru: [Ru(bpy)3]2+; US: 0.3 W cm−2, 3 MHz, 20 min; AM: calcein AM; PI: propidium iodide. All cell viability data was performed as duplicates of quadruplicate (n = 4 biologically independent samples). Error bars represent S.D. from the mean. Statistical significance was calculated with two-tailed Student’s t test (a) and (b) (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, or *p < 0.05).
