Fig. 5: Summary of mangrove restoration outcomes.

All comparisons are between restored mangroves and the respective land use indicated at the top of the figure. Upward and downward arrows denote positive and negative effects respectively. Colours denote the interpretive benchmark of effect size values⁹⁹. Green: small effects (absolute value of 0–0.30); yellow: medium effects (absolute value 0.30–0.60); orange: large effects (absolute value 0.60–0.90); red: very large effects (absolute value >0.90). For these coloured arrows the 95% CIs did not intersect with zero (see Methods section). Arrows in white indicate there is no major difference between restored mangroves and paired reference sites (i.e. 95% CIs intersected with zero). The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of observations (n). The crossbar (−) denotes that there were no applicable results for the specific function. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.