Table 1 Economic benefits (in 2019 USD ha−1 yr−1) and costs (in 2019 USD ha−1) from mangrove restoration.
From: A meta-analysis of the ecological and economic outcomes of mangrove restoration
Restored mangroves | Natural mangroves | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obs. | Min. | Median | Mean | SE. mean | Max. | Obs. | Mean | SE. mean | |
Total value | 6 | 146.44 | 8713.62 | 19491.47 | 84048.87 | 510759.55 | – | – | – |
Fisheries | 7 | 253.17 | 837.48 | 5291.81 | 3475.17 | 25593.05 | 20 | 10579.65 | 7352.79 |
Timber production | 5 | 76.19 | 257.65 | 398.36 | 164.80 | 958.01 | 17 | 3500.39 | 2534.35 |
Timber and honey | 1 | – | – | 6573.50 | – | – | – | – | – |
Non-timber forest products | 1 | – | – | 87.62 | – | – | – | – | – |
Climate regulation | 4 | 55.06 | 246.65 | 205.38 | 51.37 | 273.17 | 14 | 899.92 | 65189.63 |
Coastal protection | 3 | 597.20 | 3420.82 | 2675.62 | 1052.98 | 4008.85 | 14 | 1296.46 | 355.02 |
Wastewater treatment | 1 | – | – | 3566.41 | – | – | 7 | 3342.01 | 1937.89 |
Recreation and tourism | 2 | 23.50 | 99.78 | 99.78 | 76.28 | 176.06 | 10 | 5468.47 | 4429.53 |
Education and research | 1 | – | – | 1946.06 | – | – | 4 | 322.95 | 198.27 |
Water | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2286.90 | 2059.42 |
Regulation of water flows | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 685.86 | 55.10 |
Maintenance of generic diversity | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 110.08 | 42.74 |
Maintenance of life cycles of migratory species | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | 2352.44 | 1191.97 |
Maintenance of soil fertility and nutrient cycling | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 718.50 | – |
Protection from erosion | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10 | 1133.95 | 381.76 |
Aesthetic information | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 561.32 | – |
Sum | – | – | – | 20844.56 | – | – | – | 33258.8 | – |
Total cost | 20 | 23.22 | 1269.24 | 209312.14 | 188367.79 | 3771126.76 | – | – | – |
Plantation cost | 18 | 309.46 | 844.09 | 9627.69 | 6663.61 | 115766.57 | – | – | – |
Maintenance cost | 7 | 45.73 | 73.47 | 6747.79 | 6629.68 | 46525.06 | – | – | – |
Engineering cost | 10 | 200.70 | 19543.72 | 63757.07 | 31176.21 | 290807.29 | – | – | – |
Labour cost | 6 | 4.10 | 617.08 | 23712.38 | 21712.68 | 132042.25 | – | – | – |
Transportation cost | 6 | 6.24 | 26.90 | 24.63 | 3.86 | 33.99 | – | – | – |
