Fig. 6: Cycling performance comparison between CMC cathode and CMC/G cathode.

Coin cells configured with a 3 mg cm⁻² sulfur loading cathode, b 6.5 mg cm⁻² sulfur loading cathode and 10.5 mg cm⁻² sulfur loading cathode shown in the insert plot. c Rate capability data among two compared coin cells (2 mg cm⁻² sulfur loading). Red lines indicate the performance of CMC/G cathode, and the brown lines indicate the performance of CMC cathode. Configuration of the pouch cell with d single-sided cathodes e double-sided cathodes with lean electrolyte condition (E/S = 6 μL mg⁻¹), optimised for specific energy. 1 C-rate is equivalent to 1 h charge or discharge a battery. To convert C-rate to current density, current density (mA cm⁻²) = sulfur loading (g cm⁻²) × Li-S theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g⁻¹) × C-rate.