Fig. 3: Word and sentence recognition based on the nonsegmentation method.

a–c Optimization of CNN structure parameters based on accuracy performance, including Kernel size, the number of filters, and the number of convolutional layers. Boxplots indicate median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box) and 5th and 95th percentile (whiskers) as well as outliers (single points). d Final structure of CNN after optimization. e–f Cluster results of word signal from CNN input layer and output layer. g Confusion map of recognizing 50 words. h–i Cluster results of sentence signal from CNN input layer and output layer. j Confusion map of recognizing 17 sentences. Source data65 of Figs. 3g, j are provided in Harvard Dataverse.