Fig. 2: The circuit used as a temporal kernel in the experiment, and the V-t graphs obtained from the DUT and CH2 of this circuit.

a A temporal kernel circuit composed of a memristor, resistors, and a capacitor. CH1 shows the shape of the input pulse stream, and CH2 shows the voltage applied to a 1 MΩ resistor. The voltage across the DUT (green graph) is obtained by subtracting the CH2 voltage from the CH1 voltage. The left panel shows the circuit used in the pulse set (marked by pink) and the right panel shows the circuit used in DC read (marked by blue). b The voltages applied to the memristor with a ‘0101+reference pulse’ (left) and a ‘1010+reference pulse’ (right). c The voltages applied to the corresponding CH2, where the 4 V and 0 V voltage amplitudes represent ‘1’ and ‘0,’ respectively. The voltage across CH2 shows that the charging and discharging rates of the capacitor were asymmetric.