Fig. 1: Scheme for the synthesis and characterizations of Cu–N4 and Cu–N3 SACs.

Scheme for the synthesis of (a) Cu–N4 and (b) Cu–N3 SACs. c TEM image, (d) element mapping images, and (e) magnified HAADF-STEM image of Cu–N4 SAC. f TEM image, (g) element mapping images, and (h) magnified HAADF-STEM image of Cu–N3 SAC. The scale bars in (c–h) are 200, 20, 2, 200, 20, and 2 nm, respectively.